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Underground juicy layer
Part of the surface water enters the porous environment of the soil due to gravity and moves downwards. Different layers of the earth are formed from different soil materials and compositions and have been formed at different times. A set of factors such as material and size of grains, porosity, density, cracking and… causes different parts of the underground space to have different capacities to absorb, store and transfer water. Layers of soil that have a relatively higher capacity to absorb, store and transport water are called aquifers. In general, two issues are important in groundwater. One is the volume of water inside the material, which depends on its porosity, and the other is the permeability coefficient of the material, from which the velocity of water is a direct function. Accordingly, water retaining materials in aqueous layers are divided into several groups, which are:
Aquifer: The word aquifer, which in Persian is called the aquifer, and recently in some sources with the name of aquifer (table) you see; First used in 1896 by Iowa American geologist William Harmon North in a groundwater report. Akifer refers to an organization that, in addition to having water, is able to transfer water from one point to another if a hydraulic slope is established. The inherent impermeability of the ingredients of Akifer is about 0.01 Darcy or higher. Unfortunately, in Persian writings for the word akifar, groundwater aquifer is used, which is not a very appropriate term, and therefore when it is said to be a juicy layer, they mean the same akifers. There may be an impenetrable limiting layer at the top or bottom of the akifers.
Juicy layers
Aquitard: There are layers that have water but their hydraulic conductivity is low. If there is an akidard layer between the two aquifers, it is possible to transfer water from one aquifer to another, even at low speeds. Therefore, aquifers are important in terms of feeding the aquifers if they are located in its vicinity. But if a well is just drilled in them, it will not flow. In short, akitards are a low-permeability layer that can store water and transfer it from one aquifer to another at low speeds.
Juicy layers
Aquiclude: Aquiclude is a layer that can store water due to its large pores, but the water conduction in them is so low that they can not transfer much water. These juicy layers are usually placed as layers at the top and bottom of the aquifers, creating restrictive boundaries for them. Clay layers are an example of acacia. In fact, their hydraulic conductivity is so low that they can be considered as closed or enclosed aquifers.
Juicy layers
Aquifuge: Aquifuge is a layer, completely impermeable, that does not have interconnected pores and therefore can not move water from one point to another. If there is a layer of aquifers between two aquifers, the connection between them in terms of water exchange is completely cut off. A granite layer is an example of an aquifuge. They usually lack water.
Juicy layers
In some cases, there are thin layers of lenses, such as clay, inside the alluvium on which infiltrating water accumulates, forming a small, temporary, watery layer. These juicy layers are called perched tablecloths. Also, do not forget that in groundwater hydrology, only aquifers (aquatic layers) are considered in terms of exploitation. Aquifer layers (Akifer) are also divided into two groups of non-enclosed (free) and enclosed (non-free) aquifers, depending on whether there is a certain water level in them or not.
Non-enclosed hydrated layers
Non-enclosed aqueous layers that are observed near the earth’s surface are layers whose constituents have a relatively high intrinsic permeability from the earth’s surface to the final impermeable layer (floor layer). The feeding of these layers can be done from the rains that have been rained on them or it can be provided from other sources. If a well is drilled in these layers, a certain water table will be observed in them, which distinguishes the lower saturation layer and the upper support layer. The water table in non-enclosed aquifers is not a horizontal surface and has a height and elevation depending on the feeding or pumping location. One of the characteristics of non-enclosed aquatic layers is that the water inside these layers is under hydrostatic pressure and the amount of this pressure is zero at the water table. Non-enclosed layers are also called phreatic layers. Therefore, if a well is dug in them, the water level in the well will not rise after colliding with water.
Juicy layers
Enclosed juicy layers
In enclosed aquifers, also called Artesian underlying layers, there is no water table, meaning that it is found in uncircumcised aquifers, but instead a pressure level or piezometric surface. Is. In this situation, the aquifer is usually enclosed between two relatively impermeable layers and is fed from a place where the aquifer is exposed to the ground, and this area may be located very far from the well drilling site. If a well is dug in these aquifers, after the well collides with this aquifer, the water inside it rises (semi-artesian well) and may sometimes erupt from the ground (artesian well).
